ANOTHER NIGERIAN DIES OF STROKE

ANOTHER NIGERIAN DIES OF STROKE

Stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and it is likely to worsen in developing countries over the next two decades based on the projections by the World Health Organization (WHO).
The current prevalence of stroke in Nigeria is 1·14 per 1000 while the 30-day case fatality rate is as high as 40%. Management of the disease is largely conservative . Primary prevention is the key to reducing the burden of the disease in a country with such poor resources.

Stroke is not a new word in Nigeria, almost everyone knows somebody close, whether young or old that is either paralysed by stroke or that has died from stroke.

A stroke is the rapidly developing loss of brain function(s) due to disturbance in the blood supply to the brain. This can be due to ischemia (lack of blood supply) caused by thrombosis or embolism or due to a hemorrhage. As a result, the affected area of the brain is unable to function, leading to inability to move one or more limbs on one side of the body, inability to understand or formulate speech, or inability to see one side of the visual field. In the past, stroke was referred to as cerebrovascular accident or CVA, but the term "stroke" is now preferred.
A stroke is a medical emergency and can cause permanent neurological damage, complications, and death. It is the leading cause of adult disability and , it is the second most common cause of death

Predisposing Factors
Risk factors for ischaemic stroke include:

[1]Age (the risk doubles with every 10 years)
[2]High blood pressure
[3]High cholesterol
[4]Smoking
[5]Diabetes mellitus
[6]Heart disease
[7]Previous stroke
[8]Family history of stroke
[9]Atrial fibrillation (irregular heart rhythm)
[10]Transient ischaemic attacks (TIA) - warning strokes. Even though the symptoms disappear after a short time, TIAs are strong indicators of a possible major stroke.
[11]Thrombophilia (conditions that make the blood more prone to clotting, especially in young patients).

Progression
As mentioned earlier, ischaemic stroke can be due to thrombosis, embolism or systemic hypoperfusion.

Thrombotic stroke:
Thrombotic strokes are those in which clot formation reduces blood flow, or a clot breaks off and travels to a later part of the blood vessel. Thrombotic strokes can be divided into large and small vessel disease. Thrombosis-related symptoms progress in a stepwise or stuttering fashion, with some periods of improvement.

Embolic stroke:
Embolism (particles of travelling debris originating elsewhere) may be from the heart, the aorta or other large vessels. Symptoms often start suddenly and improve very quickly.

Systemic hypotension:
Reduced blood flow is more global and does not affect isolated regions. Symptoms are more generalised and without a particular focus, in contrast to thrombosis and embolism.

What are the symptoms of a stroke?
The functions of the different parts of the body are controlled by different parts of the brain. So, the symptoms vary depending on which part of the brain is affected, and on the size of the damaged area.
Symptoms develop suddenly, and usually include one or more of the following:

[1]Weakness of an arm, leg, or both. This may range from total paralysis of one side of the body, to mild clumsiness of one hand.
[2]Weakness and 'twisting' of one side of the face. This may cause you to drool saliva.
[3]Problems with balance, co-ordination, vision, speech, communication, or swallowing.
[4]Dizziness or unsteadiness.
[5]Numbness in a part of the body.
[6]Headache.
[7]Confusion.
[8]Loss of consciousness (occurs in severe cases).

What is a mini-stroke (a TIA)?
A mini-stroke is a set of symptoms similar to a stroke, but which last less than 24 hours. It is due to a temporary lack of blood to a part of the brain. It is more correctly called a 'transient ischaemic attack' (TIA). In most cases, a TIA is caused by a tiny blood clot that becomes stuck in a small blood vessel (artery) in the brain. This blocks the blood flow, and a part of the brain is starved of oxygen. The affected part of the brain is without oxygen for just a few minutes, and soon recovers. This is because the blood clot either breaks up quickly, or nearby blood vessels are able to compensate.Unlike a stroke, the symptoms of a TIA soon go. However, you should see a doctor urgently if you have a TIA as you are at increased risk of having a 'full' stroke. (See separate leaflet called 'Transient Ischaemic Attack' for more detail.)

A quick guide for the general public to remember
Both a stroke and a TIA are medical emergencies and need immediate medical attention. As a way of helping the general public become more aware of the symptoms of a stroke or TIA, a simple 'symptom checklist' to remember has been devised and publicised.
This is to think of the word 'FAST'.
That is:
F - Facial weakness. Can the person smile? Has their mouth or eye drooped?
A - Arm weakness. Can the person raise both arms?
S - Speech disturbance. Can the person speak clearly? Can they understand what you say?
T - Test for each of the above three things.
If any of these symptoms suddenly develop, then the person needs to see a doctor urgently. So call an ambulance FAST.
The FAST checklist does not cover every possible symptom of stroke or TIA. However, it is easy to remember and it is estimated that about 8 or 9 in 10 people with a stroke or TIA will have one or more 'FAST' symptoms.

What are the long-term effects from having a stroke?
The type and extent of disability caused by a stroke can vary greatly. It depends on the extent of the damage to the brain.
A large stroke can cause death. A small stroke may cause minor problems, which may go completely over time. In many cases, the effects are somewhere in between these two extremes.The sort of problems that may occur include one or more of the following:

[1]Weakness of one side of the body. This may cause problems with walking if a leg is affected, or problems using an arm or hand properly.
[2]Problems with balance and co-ordination.
[3]Swallowing problems are common. In some cases this can be dangerous as food may go down the windpipe rather than down the gullet when you eat. Because of this it is usual to do a 'swallow test' on all people with a stroke before they are allowed to eat or drink. This is to make sure that swallowing is safe. If there is severe difficulty with swallowing then you may need to have food and drinks passed into your stomach via a tube.
[4]Speech and communication difficulties. This may range from a difficulty in finding the correct words to say in the middle of a sentence, to being completely unable to speak. Also, understanding speech, reading, or writing may be affected.
[5]Difficulty with vision. If a part of the brain that deals with vision is affected then problems may arise. For example, some people who have had a stroke have double vision, and some people lose half of their field of vision.
[6]Difficulties with mental processes. For example, difficulty in learning, concentrating, remembering, etc.
[7]Inappropriate emotions. For example, following a stroke, some people cry or laugh at times for no apparent reason.
[8]Tiredness.

The above are just some examples of what may occur following a stroke. Every stroke is different and the problems and difficulties have to be assessed for each affected person.In the first few weeks after a stroke the swelling and inflammation around the damaged brain tissue settles down. Some symptoms may then improve. In time, sometimes other parts of the brain can compensate for the damaged part of the brain. With rehabilitation and appropriate therapy, there may be a gradual improvement.Of those who survive a stroke, about 3 in 10 are fully independent within three weeks, and this rises to about 5 in 10 within six months. However, it is common for some degree of disability to remain.

Are any tests needed?
A doctor can usually diagnose a stroke by the typical symptoms and signs which develop suddenly. Tests which are commonly done include:

[1] A brain scan (CT scan or MRI scan). This can determine the type of stroke (ischaemic or haemorrhagic) and may detect rarer conditions which may have caused the stroke, or which may mimic a stroke.
[2] Blood tests to check on such things as blood sugar level and cholesterol level. High levels can increase the risk of a further stroke.
[3] Chest X-ray and ECG (a heart tracing) to check for heart or lung conditions which may be a cause of stroke (for example, atrial fibrillation).
[4] Ultrasound scan of the carotid arteries in the neck to check if there are large patches of atheroma in these arteries.

What is a Carotid Colour Doppler Ultrasound Test?:
Carotid Doppler Ultrasound is a non-invasive test that uses sound waves to measure the flow of blood through the large carotid arteries that supply blood to the brain. These arteries can narrow due to arteriosclerosis or other causes and this can lead to TIA (mini-stroke) or CVA (stroke). This test can help doctors to determine stroke risk and help determine preventive measures.

Why do I Need To Have a Carotid Colour Doppler Scan?:
If you have had a TIA your doctor may order a carotid doppler to evaluate your carotid arteries. If there is narrowing of the one or both of these major arteries it is highly probable that the TIA was caused by this narrowing. Additionally if you have had a TIA caused by carotid stenosis (narrowing) you are at much higher risk of having a large stroke. If stenosis is diagnosed there are treatments avaialable that can help open up the arteries and prevent a large stroke.
What treatment and care is usual for people who have a stroke?
If you suspect that you (or a person you are with) is having a stroke, then call for an ambulance immediately. You should be admitted to hospital.


At JOAS MEDICAL DIAGNOSTIX Ikotun Lagos Nigeria ,with our latest 4D Colour Doppler Ultrasound Scan Machine , we offers comprehensive check of the Neck vessels for Carotid Stenosis. for all vascular ultrasound scans for DVT [limbs], Carotids [neck vessels] and Arteries [limbs] contact JOAS MEDICAL DIAGNOSTIX Ikotun lagos Nigeria.


Regards

Dr. Victor Efughi
Consultant Clinical Specialist Sonographer

For FREE Consultation and FREE Counseling.
Also for Quality and Accurate Medical Diagnostic Tests Contact
JOAS MEDICAL DIAGNOSTIX

JOAS MEDICAL DIAGNOSTIX-------WE ARE AN ULTRAMODERN MEDICAL IMAGING CENTER. WE ARE EXPERTS IN ULTRASOUND SCAN SERVICES, 3D/4D COLOUR DOPPLER SCAN SERVICES, X-RAY/RADIOLOGY SERVICES, ECG SERVICES, INFERTILITY SERVICES, HSG SERVICES, LABORATORY SERVICES,BLOOD BANKING SERVICES , DNA SERVICES, AND HEALTH CONSULTANCY/COUNSELLING SERVICES.
We are located at

JOAS HOUSE, 2, Okesuna Street, Opposite Synagogue Church Busstop, Bolorunpelu, Ikotun, Lagos, Nigeria, WestAfrica.

TEL:
+23418112054
+2348023069403
+2348033535729

EMAIL:
joasmedicaldiagnostix@yahoo.com
joasmedicaldiagnostix@gmail.com

http://www.joasdiagnostix.8m.net/
http://www.joasmedicaldiagnostix.8m.com/
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0DqKdifKE7I

DISCLAIMER
The contents, blogs and postings provided in this site are offered strictly for informational purposes only and should not be construed as legal, medical nor financial advice on any matter. We have made every effort to ensure the accuracy of the information presented, and if you have any questions regarding the contents please contact us.
The informations provided in this site is subject to change without notice.
This site may contain links to other internet sites, we are not responsible for the privacy, practices nor the content of such sites, nor their relationships

SAVED FROM SUDDEN DEATH !!! [DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS]

SAVED FROM SUDDEN DEATH !!! [DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS]

Historically, many prominent public figures have been afflicted with DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS but received little attention. However, several tragic cases of fatal PULMONARY EMBOLISM received widespread media coverage. In 2000, a 28-year-old woman who had been a spectator at the Sydney Olympics collapsed and died of PULMONARY EMBOLISM after deplaning in London. In 2003, a renowned reporter who was embedded with a US infantry unit during the Second Gulf War complained of leg discomfort for several days and then died suddenly of PULMONARY EMBOLISM . These events, coupled with a recent public awareness campaign, "Killer Legs", have raised unprecedented interest in this previously overlooked but common condition.

What Is Deep Vein Thrombosis?

Deep vein thrombosis (also known as deep-vein thrombosis or deep venous thrombosis and usually abbreviated as DVT) is the formation of a blood clot ("thrombus") in a deep vein. It is a form of thrombophlebitis (inflammation of a vein with clot formation).
Deep vein thrombosis commonly affects the leg veins (such as the femoral vein or the popliteal vein) or the deep veins of the pelvis. Occasionally the veins of the arm are affected (if spontaneous, this is known as Paget-Schrötter disease). A DVT can occur without symptoms, but in many cases the affected extremity will be painful, swollen, red, warm and the superficial veins may be engorged. The most serious complication of a DVT is that the clot could dislodge and travel to the lungs, which is called a pulmonary embolism (PE). DVT is a medical emergency, present in the lower extremity there is 3% chance of a PE killing the patient. A late complication of DVT is the post-phlebitic syndrome, which can manifest itself as edema, pain or discomfort and skin problems.

What causes DVT?
When something goes wrong with your body's blood clotting system, DVT can occur. Once a small clot forms in your vein, it can cause an inflammation that may encourage more blood clots to form.
Often, poor blood flow, or stagnation of blood flow, in your leg veins increases the risk for DVT. This poor flow can occur when you are not able to move for long periods of time. As a result, when your blood pools in your veins, clots are more likely to form. Some specific causes of DVT include:
Major surgery on your hip, knee, leg, calf, abdomen, or chest;
A broken hip or leg;
Prolonged travel (this is sometimes called economy class syndrome because people flying coach on airplanes have less room to move their legs);
Inherited blood clotting abnormalities; and
Cancer.
Although it is true that long airplane flights can increase your risk of DVT, this rarely occurs. Most cases of DVT occur in sick, hospitalized patients.
You have a greater chance of developing DVT if you are obese, have a history of heart attack, stroke or congestive heart failure, are pregnant, nursing or taking birth control pills, or have inflammatory bowel disease.
Most cases of DVT affect the legs, but DVT in the upper body is becoming more commonly recognized. Some factors that increase your chances of developing DVT in the upper body include:
Having a long, thin flexible tube called a catheter inserted in your arm vein. Catheters can irritate your vein wall and cause clots to form;
Having a pacemaker or implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) for the same reason;
Having cancer near a vein; and
Performing vigorous repetitive activities with your arms. This type of DVT is rare and occurs mostly in athletes such as weight lifters, swimmers and baseball pitchers.

Signs and symptoms
There may be no symptoms referable to the location of the DVT, but the classical symptoms of DVT include pain, swelling and redness of the leg and dilation of the surface veins. In up to 25% of all hospitalized patients, there may be some form of DVT, which often remains clinically inapparent (unless pulmonary embolism develops).
There are several techniques during physical examination to increase the detection of DVT, such as measuring the circumference of the affected and the contralateral limb at a fixed point (to objectivate edema), and palpating the venous tract, which is often tender. Physical examination is unreliable for excluding the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis.
In phlegmasia alba dolens, the leg is pale and cool with a diminished arterial pulse due to spasm. It usually results from acute occlusion of the iliac and femoral veins due to DVT.
In phlegmasia cerulea dolens, there is an acute and nearly total venous occlusion of the entire extremity outflow, including the iliac and femoral veins. The leg is usually painful, cyanosed and oedematous. Venous gangrene may supervene.
About half of all DVT cases do not cause symptoms. The symptoms you feel can depend on the location and size of your blood clot. They include swelling, tenderness, leg pain that may worsen when you walk or stand, a sensation of warmth, and skin that turns blue or red.

DIAGNOSIS/TESTS
The gold standard is intravenous venography, which involves injecting a peripheral vein of the affected limb with a contrast agent and taking X-rays, to reveal whether the venous supply has been obstructed. Because of its invasiveness, this test is rarely performed.
Physical examination
1. Homans' test: Dorsiflexion of foot elicits pain in posterior calf. However, it must be noted that it is of little diagnostic value and is theoretically dangerous because of the possibility of dislodgement of loose clot.
2. Pratt's sign: Squeezing of posterior calf elicits pain.

BLOOD TESTS
Other blood tests usually performed at this point are
complete blood count
Primary coagulation studies: PT, APTT, Fibrinogen
liver enzymes
renal function and electrolytes

IMAGING THE LEG VEINS
Impedance plethysmography , Doppler ultrasonography, compression ultrasound scanning of the leg veins, combined with duplex measurements (to determine blood flow), can reveal a blood clot and its extent (i.e. whether it is below or above the knee). Duplex Ultrasonography,due to its high sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility, has replaced venography as the most widely used test in the evaluation of the disease. This test involves both a B mode image and Doppler flow analysis.

COLOUR DOPPLER ULTRASOUND
Duplex ultrasound uses high-frequency waves higher than human hearing can detect. Duplex ultrasound allows your physician to measure the speed of blood flow and to see the structure of your veins and sometimes the clots themselves. Duplex ultrasound is used in many radiology departments as the first line of investigation for symptomatic deep venous thrombosis.

Prevention of Deep Vein Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism
Venous thromboembolism comprises deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) and strikes more than 1 in 1000 adults per year, causing discomfort, suffering, and occasionally death. DVT is defined as blood clots in the pelvic, leg, or major upper-extremity veins. These clots can break off from the veins, travel through the heart, and lodge in the lung arteries, causing potentially deadly PE. Although thousands of new cases are diagnosed yearly in Nigeria , probably 3 to 4 times as many cases occur without obvious symptoms and are never detected. This illness is often "silent" and can mimic other common conditions such as heart attack, pneumonia, and anxiety. Its aftermath spans a wide spectrum, from inconsequential to fatal.
Awareness of DVT and PE is the best way to prevent this condition. Medical professionals have recognized DVT for almost 2 centuries, but until recently, only about half of Nigerians were informed about the disease. Without knowledge of DVT as a medical problem, the public could not engage healthcare providers to discuss lifestyle changes and more intensive measures that usually succeed in preventing this illness.
Prevention is the best policy to combat DVT and PE. Although preventing venous thromboembolism is more mundane and less glamorous than treatment of DVT, it remains more effective than waiting for a DVT to develop, performing complex diagnostic tests, and then treating a newly established blood clot. Strategies for prevention of DVT .
DVT Prevention Strategies

Lifestyle Changes:The most common lifestyle risk factors for venous thromboembolism are the same problems that plague our society: obesity, inactivity, and cigarette smoking. Nevertheless, most inquiries about DVT prevention come from patients about to embark on long-haul air travel. Despite the drama of collapse and death from PE while in flight or after disembarking, the chance of this happening is only about 1 in 1 000 000 travelers.

Mechanical Measures:For many patients at low risk of DVT, graduated elastic compression stockings will suffice. Vascular compression stockings usually lose their elasticity after about 3 months and should be replaced to maintain their effectiveness. Pneumatic compression boots are not practical unless the patient is hospitalized or homebound.

What can I do to reduce the risk of travel-related DVT?
Whilst travelling on a long journey, particularly on a long-haul plane, train or bus trip :
Exercise your calf and foot muscles regularly:
Every half hour or so, bend and straighten your legs, feet and toes when you are seated.
Press the balls of your feet down hard against the floor or foot-rest every so often. This helps to increase the blood flow in your legs
Take a walk up and down the aisle every hour or so, when the aircraft crew say it is safe to do so.
If you are allowed, get off the plane and walk about if the plane stops for refueling.
Consider buying a leg exerciser for the journey .
Drink plenty of water (to avoid dehydration).
Do not drink too much alcohol. (Alcohol can cause dehydration and immobility.)
Do not take sleeping tablets, which cause immobility.
Consider wearing compression stockings .

Elastic compression stockings:There is some evidence to suggest that compression stockings can help to prevent travel related DVT. Many doctors recommend that you wear them if you are in any of the 'at risk' groups listed above. Some doctors advise that all adults should wear them on long-haul flights. You can buy the stockings from pharmacies. Ask the pharmacist for advice about the correct sort. They need to be 'graduated compression' stockings, worn to the knee, with the correct amount of compression (class 2). The slight pressure from the stocking helps to prevent blood 'pooling' in the calf. Stockings do not replace the need for regular exercises. They are in addition to exercises.

Anticoagulant medication:Some people at particularly high risk of DVT may be advised to have a heparin injection before a long-haul flight. Heparin is an anticoagulant (it 'thins the blood' and makes it less likely to clot). Treatment with heparin is controversial as there is only limited evidence to say that it helps. However, see your doctor before the journey to discuss this option if you:
Have had a previous DVT or pulmonary embolus.
Have a family history of clotting conditions.
Have cancer, or had treatment for cancer in the past.
Had major surgery in the last three months. In particular if you had a hip or knee replacement within the last three months. (Many doctors advise if you have had hip or knee replacements then you should not go on a long-haul flight for for at least three months after the operation.)
Have had a stroke.
Some people at high risk may also be advised to take anticoagulant medication.

Note: aspirin is not used to prevent DVT. (Aspirin is widely used to help prevent blood clots in arteries which can cause strokes and heart attacks. However, aspirin does not seem to be very effective at preventing clots in veins.)
Further research may clarify the value of compression stockings and heparin, or find other ways of preventing DVT.

After the journey
Have a little walk straight after the journey to 'get the circulation going'. The vast majority of travellers have no problems. However, if you develop a swollen painful calf or breathing difficulties shortly after a long journey, then see a doctor urgently. (But note: slight painless puffiness of feet and ankles is common after a long journey and is not due to a DVT.)


What Should We Do If Preventive Efforts Fail?
The failure rate is low, less than 10%. Nevertheless, if preventive efforts do not succeed, effective therapy exists to manage successfully most cases of DVT and PE. The cornerstone of therapy after failed prophylaxis is intensive anticoagulation, administered in doses higher than those used for prevention.
However if prevention fails, it is highly adviseable to see your physician


At JOAS MEDICAL DIAGNOSTIX Ikotun Lagos Nigeria ,with our latest 4D Colour Doppler Ultrasound Scan Machine , we offers comprehensive check of the lower limb veins for Deep Vein Thrombosis [DVT], for all vascular ultrasound scans for DVT [limbs], Carotids [neck vessels] and Arteries [limbs] contact JOAS MEDICAL DIAGNOSTIX Ikotun lagos Nigeria.

Regards
Dr. Victor Efughi
Consultant Clinical Specialist Sonographer

For FREE Consultation and FREE Counseling. Also for Quality and Accurate Medical Diagnostic Tests ContactJOAS MEDICAL DIAGNOSTIX

JOAS MEDICAL DIAGNOSTIX-------WE ARE AN ULTRAMODERN MEDICAL IMAGING CENTER. WE ARE EXPERTS IN ULTRASOUND SCAN SERVICES, 3D/4D COLOUR DOPPLER SCAN SERVICES, X-RAY/RADIOLOGY SERVICES, ECG SERVICES, INFERTILITY SERVICES, HSG SERVICES, LABORATORY SERVICES,BLOOD BANKING SERVICES , DNA SERVICES, AND HEALTH CONSULTANCY/COUNSELLING SERVICES.
We are located at

JOAS HOUSE, 2, Okesuna Street, Opposite Synagogue Church Busstop, Bolorunpelu, Ikotun, Lagos, Nigeria, WestAfrica.

TEL:
+23418112054
+2348023069403
+2348033535729

EMAIL:
joasmedicaldiagnostix@yahoo.com
joasmedicaldiagnostix@gmail.com
http://www.joasdiagnostix.8m.net/
http://www.joasmedicaldiagnostix.8m.com/
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0DqKdifKE7I

DISCLAIMER
The contents, blogs and postings provided in this site are offered strictly for informational purposes only and should not be construed as legal, medical nor financial advice on any matter. We have made every effort to ensure the accuracy of the information presented, and if you have any questions regarding the contents please contact us.
The informations provided in this site is subject to change without notice.
This site may contain links to other internet sites, we are not responsible for the privacy, practices nor the content of such sites, nor their relationships

NO OVULATION !! NO PREGNANCY !!! [OVARIAN FACTOR INFERTILITY]

NO OVULATION !! NO PREGNANCY !!! [OVARIAN FACTOR INFERTILITY]

She has been married for over 10 years without having any child nor pregnancy.
She was such a pretty lady, with such great figure, and really deserves a baby of her own.
She visited our clinic for some tests . She had been attending some other clinics for years , and had undergone many tests , but nothing wrong was found with her .
When she came to our clinic, we decided to start with a simple TRANSVAGINAL ULTRASOUND SCAN, where we discovered that her ovaries were not functioning properly, and that was her main reason for her infertility in this instance. Further laboratory tests were done to confirm the diagnosis. She was treated by her doctor as per the diagnosis. After some few months she became pregnant.

Ovulation disorders are a common cause of infertility and are present in up to 30% of cases. Every month a normally ovulating female recruits eggs that develop to maturity and are released according to precise timing governed by hormone relationships in the menstrual cycle. Lack of ovulation is termed "anovulation" and irregular ovulation is termed "oligoovulation".

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CAUSES OF OLIGOOVULATION [IRREGULAR OVULATION] AND ANOVULATION [NO OVULATION:

[1] OVARIAN FAILURE AS A CAUSE OF OVULATION FAILURE --- Women are born with all the eggs they will have for a lifetime and one is usually ovulated during each monthly menstrual cycle. As women age, infertility increases as ovarian function begins to decline until the menopause, where no more eggs are released and FSH levels are very high. Ovarian failure means that the ovaries cannot produce eggs that will normally fertilize and develop.
[2] POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME [PCOS] --- a common condition characterized by elevated androgens (male hormone), reduced insulin sensitivity, and numerous cysts on the ovary. Elevated androgens can lead to oligoovulation.
[3] THYROID DYSFUNCTION--- Abnormally high (hyperthyroidism) or low (hypothyroidism) levels of thyroid hormone can cause irregular ovulation thought to be due to the high levels of estrogen associated with these conditions.
[4] HYPERPROLACTINEMIA--- Prolactin is responsible for breast milk production in pregnant women. Elevated levels of the hormone, prolactin, can lead to ovulatory disorders and infertility. Elevated levels in the absence of pregnancy cause irregular ovulation by reducing the levels of FSH and LH.
[5] EXCESSIVE EXERCISE, STRESS, AND ANOREXIA can lead to irregular ovulation.
[6] ADRENAL DYSFUNCTION--- Androgens are produced by the adrenal glands and abnormally elevated levels lead to oligoovulation. Increased androgens are associated with elevated levels of prolactin, and/or tumors on the ovary, pituitary, or adrenal gland.
[7] UNEXPLAINED--- Sometimes eggs will not fertilize and develop into health embryos for unexplained reasons. In many cases, these couples achieve pregnancy with donor egg IVF .

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INFERTILITY DIAGNOSTIC TESTS

The Female Work-up (Diagnostic Tests)

[1] ULTRASOUND : The ultrasound is the only definitive way to tell you have ovulated.
Especially TRANSVAGINAL ULTRASOUND SCAN.
This can tell if you have LUFS (Lutenized Unruptured Follicle Syndrome), which looks exactly like you are ovulating
in every way except the egg is not released.

[2] HORMONAL BLOOD TESTS: perform some basic hormone blood tests. Here is a list of the common blood tests performed.
FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)
LH (Lutenizing Hormone)
Estrogen
Progesterone
including estradiol, inhibin B, Pooled progesterone, prolactin,
thyroid stimulating hormone, testosterone.
[3] POSTCOITAL TEST: This test will tell if you and your partner's cervical mucus and sperm are compatible.
During the fertile time of your cycle, the doctor will take a sample of the female's cervical fluid within
two hours of intercourse. If the sperm survive and move forward in the cervical fluid, you will know the sperm and
cervical mucus are compatible.
[4] HSG (Hysterosalpingogram) : This will tell if your fallopian tubes are open by injecting dye
through the cervix. Blocked tubes and lesions or polyps on the uterine cavity can be found
with this method.

TRANSVAGINAL ULTRASOUND SCAN

Definition
Transvaginal ultrasound is a imaging technique used to create a picture of the genital tract in women. The hand-held device that produces the ultrasound waves is inserted directly into the vagina, close to the pelvic structures, thus often producing a clearer and less distorted image than obtained through transabdominal ultrasound technology, where the probe is located externally on the skin of the abdomen.

Purpose
Transvaginal ultrasound can used to evaluate problems or abnormalities of the female genital tract. It may provide more accurate information than transabdominal ultrasound for women who are obese, for women who are being evaluated or treated for infertility , or for women who have difficulty keeping a full bladder. However, it does provide a view of a smaller area than the transabdominal ultrasound. Types of conditions or abnormalities that can be examined include:
· the endometrium of women with infertility problems or who are experiencing abnormal bleeding
· sources of unexplained pain
· congenital malformations of the ovaries and uterus
· ovarian cysts and tumors
· pelvic infections, such as pelvic inflammatory disease
· bladder abnormalities
· a misplaced IUCD (intrauterine contraceptive device)
· other causes of infertility
Transvaginal ultrasound can also be used during pregnancy. Its capability of producing more complete images means that it is especially useful for identifying ectopic pregnancy, fetal heartbeat, and abnormalities of the uterus, placenta, and associated pelvic structures.

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FOLLICULOMETRY [ULTRASOUND]

Ultrasound Folliculometry is a serial Transvaginal ultrasound scan test carried out to monitor follicular growth .Ovulation/Follicular growth can be best monitored by ultrasound folliculometry, providing 0–60% effectiveness.
Folliculometry is one of the most accurate method for determining ovulation.
Ovulation scans allow the doctor to determine accurately when the egg matures; and when you ovulate. This is often the basic procedure for most infertility treatment since the treatment revolves around the wife's ovulation. Daily scans are done to visualize the growing follicle, which looks like a black bubble on the screen. Most women can see the follicle clearly for themselves - and know by the scans when the egg has ruptured. Other useful information which can be determined by these scans is the thickness of the uterine lining - the endometrium. The ripening follicle produces increasing quantities of estrogen, which cause the endometrium to thicken. The doctor can get a good idea of how much estrogen you are producing (and thus the quality of the egg) based on the thickness and brightness of the endometrium on the ultrasound scan.
Ultrasound folliculometry is started from day 6 – 8 counting from the first day of menstruation. Folliculometry is performed every 2 or 3 days in the initial stages and can be done daily from the day 12, till after the follicle ruptures [post ovulation]. So in a routine ultrasound folliculometry the lady could be scanned transvaginally for between 3 to 6 sessions.


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JOAS MEDICAL DIAGNOSTIX, Ikotun Lagos Nigeria, offer comprehensive infertility screening tests for both couples like Transvaginal Scan for uterine and ovarian functions,Ovulation/follicular tracking, HSG to evaluate the fallopian tubes, blood tests for hormone check, semen analysis etc. We also offer a simple assisted reproductive procedure like INTRAUTERINE INSEMINATION [IUI].For accurate assessment of your fertility situation, contact us at JOAS MEDICAL DIAGNOSTIX, Ikotun Lagos Nigeria.


For FREE Consultation and FREE Counseling. Also for Quality and Accurate Medical Diagnostic Tests Contact
JOAS MEDICAL DIAGNOSTIX

JOAS MEDICAL DIAGNOSTIX-------WE ARE AN ULTRAMODERN MEDICAL IMAGING CENTER. WE ARE EXPERTS IN ULTRASOUND SCAN SERVICES, 3D/4D COLOUR DOPPLER SCAN SERVICES, X-RAY/RADIOLOGY SERVICES, ECG SERVICES, INFERTILITY SERVICES, HSG SERVICES, LABORATORY SERVICES,BLOOD BANKING SERVICES , DNA SERVICES, AND HEALTH CONSULTANCY/COUNSELLING SERVICES.

We are located at

JOAS HOUSE, 2, Okesuna Street,
Opposite The Synagogue Church Busstop,
Bolorunpelu, Ikotun, Lagos
Postcode: 100265
Nigeria.  

TEL:
08032509975,
08184590752,
08058166504,
08064981455


EMAIL:
joasmedicaldiagnostix@yahoo.com
joasmedicaldiagnostix@gmail.com



DISCLAIMER
The contents, blogs and postings provided in this site are offered strictly for informational purposes only and should not be construed as legal, medical nor financial advice on any matter. We have made every effort to ensure the accuracy of the information presented, and if you have any questions regarding the contents please contact us.
The informations provided in this site is subject to change without notice.
This site may contain links to other internet sites, we are not responsible for the privacy, practices nor the content of such sites, nor their relationships

HSG, FALLOPIAN TUBE BLOCKAGE, AND INFERTILITY

HSG, FALLOPIAN TUBE BLOCKAGE, AND INFERTILITY

Some few months ago, an anxious female patient visited our clinic , she has not had any child nor pregnancy for 6 years. Her husband , and her husband’s family were putting serious pressure on her.
She came over to us to have her fallopian tubes checked out by the ‘’MIRACLE TEST’’ called HSG [Hysterosalpingography].
Some two months after the HSG test was done, she got pregnant, now she is eight months pregnant, heavy and getting ready to deliver her first baby after 6 years in marriage.

===> ==> CLICK THIS LINK TO GET FREE ACCESS TO DOWNLOAD THE SECRET FERTILITY SYSTEM

TUBAL FACTOR INFERTILITY
Tubal factor infertility accounts for about 20-25% of all cases of infertility. This category includes cases in which the woman has completely blocked fallopian tubes and also women who have either one blocked tube or no tubal blockage but tubal scarring or other tubal damage.
Tubal factor infertility is usually caused by either pelvic infection, such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) or pelvic endometriosis . Sometimes it can be caused by scar tissue that forms after pelvic surgery.
In cases of relatively minor tubal damage it can be difficult to be certain that the infertility problem is solely due to the tubal damage. There may be other significant contributing causes that are resulting in the problem conceiving.
In general, the standard infertility testing is performed on all couples and if no other cause of infertility is found, the presumptive diagnosis can be tubal factor. However, if the degree of tubal scarring is very minimal, a diagnosis of unexplained infertility could be warranted.

PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE [PID], AND TUBAL FACTOR INFERTILITY
Pelvic inflammatory disease is usually caused by invasion of either staphylococcus , gonorrhea or chlamydia from the cervix up to the uterus and tubes. The infection in these tissues causes an intense inflammatory response. Bacteria, white blood cells and other fluids (pus) fill the tubes as the body combats the infection.
Eventually, the body wins and the bacteria are controlled and destroyed. However, during the healing process the delicate inner lining of the tubes (tubal mucosa) is permanently scarred. The end of the tube by the ovaries may become partially or completely blocked, and scar tissue often forms on the outside of the tubes and ovaries.
All of these factors can impact ovarian or tubal function and the chances for conception in the future. If pelvic inflammatory disease is treated very early and aggressively with IV antibiotics, the tubal damage might be minimized, and fertility maintained.
Another problem seen after PID is tubal ectopic pregnancy. The rate of ectopic pregnancy in women with previous known PID is increased 6-10 times higher than in women with no previous history of PID.
A published study of 745 women with one or more episodes of PID that attempted to conceive showed that 16% of the women were infertile from tubal occlusion. Of those that conceived, 6.4% had ectopic pregnancies.


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TESTING FOR TUBAL FACTOR INFERTILITY

HYSTEROSALPINGOGRAPHY [HSG]
A hysterosalpingogram, or HSG is an important test of female fertility potential.
The HSG test is a radiology procedure usually done in the radiology department of a hospital (or outpatient radiology facility). Radiographic contrast (dye) is injected into the uterine cavity through the vagina and cervix. The uterine cavity fills with dye and if the fallopian tubes are open the dye will fill the tubes and spill into the abdominal cavity.
This determines if the fallopian tubes are open or blocked and whether the blockage is located at the junction of the tube and uterus (proximal) or whether it is at the other end of the fallopian tube (distal). These are the areas where the tube is most commonly blocked. Very successful treatment for tubal factor infertility is available.
There are other things that potentially can be seen on a hysterosalpingogram other that whether the tubes are open or blocked. The uterine cavity is evaluated for the presence of congenital uterine anomalies, polyps, fibroid tumors or uterine scar tissue. The fallopian tubes are also examined for defects within them, for suggestion of partial blockage, and for evidence of pelvic scar tissue in the abdominal cavity near the tubes.

DOES HSG IMPROVE THE CHANCE FOR GETTING PREGNANT?
Pregnancy rates in several studies have been reported to be very slightly increased in the first months following a hysterosalpingogram. This may be due to the fact that the flushing of the tubes with the contrast could open a minor blockage or clean out some debris that may be a factor that is preventing the couple from conceiving.

===> ==> CLICK THIS LINK TO GET FREE ACCESS TO DOWNLOAD THE SECRET FERTILITY SYSTEM


JOAS MEDICAL DIAGNOSTIX, Ikotun Lagos Nigeria, offer comprehensive infertility screening tests for both couples like Transvaginal Scan for uterine and ovarian functions,Ovulation/follicular tracking, HSG to evaluate the fallopian tubes, blood tests for hormone check, semen analysis etc. We also offer a simple assisted reproductive procedure like INTRAUTERINE INSEMINATION [IUI].
For accurate assessment of your fertility situation, contact us at JOAS MEDICAL DIAGNOSTIX, Ikotun Lagos Nigeria.


For FREE Consultation and FREE Counseling. Also for Quality and Accurate Medical Diagnostic Tests Contact
JOAS MEDICAL DIAGNOSTIX

JOAS MEDICAL DIAGNOSTIX-------WE ARE AN ULTRAMODERN MEDICAL IMAGING CENTER. WE ARE EXPERTS IN ULTRASOUND SCAN SERVICES, 3D/4D COLOUR DOPPLER SCAN SERVICES, X-RAY/RADIOLOGY SERVICES, ECG SERVICES, INFERTILITY SERVICES, HSG SERVICES, LABORATORY SERVICES,BLOOD BANKING SERVICES , DNA SERVICES, AND HEALTH CONSULTANCY/COUNSELLING SERVICES.

We are located at

JOAS HOUSE, 2, Okesuna Street,
Opposite The Synagogue Church Busstop,
Bolorunpelu, Ikotun, Lagos
Postcode: 100265
Nigeria.  

TEL:
08032509975,
08184590752,
08058166504,
08064981455


EMAIL:
joasmedicaldiagnostix@yahoo.com
joasmedicaldiagnostix@gmail.com



DISCLAIMER
The contents, blogs and postings provided in this site are offered strictly for informational purposes only and should not be construed as legal, medical nor financial advice on any matter. We have made every effort to ensure the accuracy of the information presented, and if you have any questions regarding the contents please contact us.
The informations provided in this site is subject to change without notice.
This site may contain links to other internet sites, we are not responsible for the privacy, practices nor the content of such sites, nor their relationships

BREASTS THAT KILL

She was such a young and pretty lady of 24years of age.I tell you the truth she was really well endowed especially at the chest level.She walked up to me at the clinic and requested to consult with me.I took her into my office and tried to find out what was wrong with her.She told me that her breasts were the problem. I was astonished. ‘’What do you mean?’’. She informed me that some few years back she noticed a lump or hardness in one of her breast, but was too shy to tell anyone, not even her parents, but instead of the hardness going soft, it increased in size and number, affecting the second breast, then became really painful.Because she was still embarrassed to show them to anyone, she kept quiet hoping the problem will go away as they came. The embarrassment was so much that she could not keep a boyfriend.The situation got worse, until recently when she started noticing brownish bloody discharge from her nipples that she really got scared. ‘’Lucky me’’, she decided to talk to me.I did an ultrasound of her breasts and found so many masses in them, which were latter comfirmed to be cancerous.An xray of her chest was done , we found out that the cancer has eaten into her lungs and her backbones.It was a sorry state, it was too late. This young pretty lady have just a short time to live, because the cancer have spread extensively.After some months she died. What a tragic end?This is the situation with many young girls to mature ladies in Nigeria, we have a social stigma problem that make it difficult for us to complain early and save lives. If that young lady had complained many years ago when she noticed the first lump, she would have lived. In this article I am going to really write long , because this is a very serious issue, it is killing our sisters, wives, mothers and grandmothers. I am very concerned because that young lady is not the only one I knew that died of breast cancer. I want this to stop, so I must sound a serious warning to you ladies that read this blog‘’BREAST CANCER KILLS. TAKE YOUR BREAST SERIOUS’’In this article we are going to look at the causes, symptoms, screening tests, diagnosis, treatments and your own participation.

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DEFINITION

Breast cancer is a cancer that starts in the breast, usually in the inner lining of the milk ducts or lobules.Breast cancer is the most common causes of cancer in women and the second most common cause of cancer death of women in Nigeria. Breast cancer can affect ladies of all ages that have developed breasts.I know that when we talk of breast , it is as if only women are affected. The truth is that men do also have breast cancer.However breast cancer is about 100 times more frequent among women as among men.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

The first symptom or subjective sign of breast cancer is typically a lump that feels different from the surrounding breast tissues. More than 80% of breast cancer cases are discovered when the woman feels a lump.The first medical sign or objective indication of breast cancer as detected by a physician is discovered by mammography [xray] and sonomammography [ultrasound of the breasts].Lumps found in lymph nodes located in the armpits can also indicate breast cancer. Indications of breast cancer other than a lump may include changes in breast size and shape, skin dimpling, nipple inversion, or spontaneous single-nipple discharge. Pain is an unreliable tool in determining the presence or absence of breast cancer , but may be indicative of other breast health symptoms

SYMPTOMS

[1] Lumps in breasts
[2] Increase in breast size
[3] Change in breast shape
[4] Skin dimpling of the breast
[5] Nipple inversion
[6] Spontaneous single-nipple discharge
[7] Pain
[8] Skin inflammation which includes pain, swelling, warmth, redness as well as an orange-peel texture of the skin.
[9] Tingling, itching, increased sensitivity and burning Most symptoms of breast disorder do not turn out to represent underlying breast cancer. Benign breast diseases such as mastitis and fibroadenoma of the breast are more common causes of breast disorders.


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CAUSES

No one knows the exact causes of breast cancer. Doctors often cannot explain why one woman develops breast cancer and another does not. They do know that bumping, bruising, or touching the breast does not cause cancer. And breast cancer is not contagious. You cannot "catch" it from another person.Research has shown that women with certain risk factors are more likely than others to develop breast cancer. A risk factor is something that may increase the chance of developing a disease.Studies have found the following risk factors for breast cancer:Age: The chance of getting breast cancer goes up as a woman gets older. Most cases of breast cancer occur in women over 60. This disease is not common before menopause.Personal history of breast cancer: A woman who had breast cancer in one breast has an increased risk of getting cancer in her other breast.Family history: A woman's risk of breast cancer is higher if her mother, sister, or daughter had breast cancer. The risk is higher if her family member got breast cancer before age 40. Having other relatives with breast cancer (in either her mother's or father's family) may also increase a woman's risk.Certain breast changes: Some women have cells in the breast that look abnormal under a microscope. Having certain types of abnormal cells (atypical hyperplasia and lobular carcinoma in situ [LCIS]) increases the risk of breast cancer.Gene changes: Changes in certain genes increase the risk of breast cancer. These genes include BRCA1, BRCA2, and others. Tests can sometimes show the presence of specific gene changes in families with many women who have had breast cancer. Health care providers may suggest ways to try to reduce the risk of breast cancer, or to improve the detection of this disease in women who have these changes in their genes.Reproductive and menstrual history:The older a woman is when she has her first child, the greater her chance of breast cancer.Women who had their first menstrual period before age 12 are at an increased risk of breast cancer.Women who went through menopause after age 55 are at an increased risk of breast cancer.Women who never had children are at an increased risk of breast cancer.Women who take menopausal hormone therapy with estrogen plus progestin after menopause also appear to have an increased risk of breast cancer.Large, well-designed studies have shown no link between abortion or miscarriage and breast cancer.Race: Breast cancer is diagnosed more often in white women than Latina, Asian, or African American women.Radiation therapy to the chest: Women who had radiation therapy to the chest (including breasts) before age 30 are at an increased risk of breast cancer. This includes women treated with radiation for Hodgkin's lymphoma. Studies show that the younger a woman was when she received radiation treatment, the higher her risk of breast cancer later in life.Breast density: Breast tissue may be dense or fatty. Older women whose mammograms (breast x-rays) show more dense tissue are at increased risk of breast cancer.Taking DES (diethylstilbestrol): DES was given to some pregnant women in the United States between about 1940 and 1971. (It is no longer given to pregnant women.) Women who took DES during pregnancy may have a slightly increased risk of breast cancer. The possible effects on their daughters are under study.Being overweight or obese after menopause: The chance of getting breast cancer after menopause is higher in women who are overweight or obese.Lack of physical activity: Women who are physically inactive throughout life may have an increased risk of breast cancer. Being active may help reduce risk by preventing weight gain and obesity .Drinking alcohol: Studies suggest that the more alcohol a woman drinks, the greater her risk of breast cancer.Other possible risk factors are under study. Researchers are studying the effect of diet, physical activity, and genetics on breast cancer risk. They are also studying whether certain substances in the environment can increase the risk of breast cancer.Many risk factors can be avoided. Others, such as family history, cannot be avoided. Women can help protect themselves by staying away from known risk factors whenever possible. But it is also important to keep in mind that most women who have known risk factors do not get breast cancer. Also, most women with breast cancer do not have a family history of the disease. In fact, except for growing older, most women with breast cancer have no clear risk factors. If you think you may be at risk, you should discuss this concern with your doctor. Your doctor may be able to suggest ways to reduce your risk and can plan a schedule for checkups.

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SCREENING

Breast self-examYou may perform monthly breast self-exams to check for any changes in your breasts. It is important to remember that changes can occur because of aging, your menstrual cycle, pregnancy , menopause, or taking birth control pills or other hormones. It is normal for breasts to feel a little lumpy and uneven. Also, it is common for your breasts to be swollen and tender right before or during your menstrual period. You should contact your health care provider if you notice any unusual changes in your breasts. Breast self-exams cannot replace regular screening mammograms and clinical breast exams. Studies have not shown that breast self-exams alone reduce the number of deaths from breast cancer. Clinical breast examDuring a clinical breast exam, your health care provider checks your breasts. You may be asked to raise your arms over your head, let them hang by your sides, or press your hands against your hips. Your health care provider looks for differences in size or shape between your breasts. The skin of your breasts is checked for a rash , dimpling, or other abnormal signs. Your nipples may be squeezed to check for fluid. Using the pads of the fingers to feel for lumps, your health care provider checks your entire breast, underarm, and collarbone area. A lump is generally the size of a pea before anyone can feel it. The exam is done on one side, then the other. Your health care provider checks the lymph nodes near the breast to see if they are enlarged. A thorough clinical breast exam may take about 10 minutesScreening mammogramTo find breast cancer early, NCI recommends that:Women in their 40s and older should have mammograms every 1 to 2 years. A mammogram is a picture of the breast made with x-rays.Women who are younger than 40 and have risk factors for breast cancer should ask their health care provider whether to have mammograms and how often to have them.Mammograms can often show a breast lump before it can be felt. They also can show a cluster of tiny specks of calcium. These specks are called microcalcifications. Lumps or specks can be from cancer, precancerous cells, or other conditions. Further tests are needed to find out if abnormal cells are present.If an abnormal area shows up on your mammogram, you may need to have more x-rays. You also may need a biopsy . A biopsy is the only way to tell for sure if cancer is present.Mammograms are the best tool doctors have to find breast cancer early. However, mammograms are not perfect:A mammogram may miss some cancers. (The result is called a "false negative.")A mammogram may show things that turn out not to be cancer. (The result is called a "false positive.")Some fast-growing tumors may grow large or spread to other parts of the body before a mammogram detects them.Mammograms (as well as dental x-rays, and other routine x-rays) use very small doses of radiation. The risk of any harm is very slight, but repeated x-rays could cause problems. The benefits nearly always outweigh the risk. You should talk with your health care provider about the need for each x-ray. You should also ask for shields to protect parts of your body that are not in the picture.


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What is Mammography [BREAST X-RAY] ?

Mammography is a specific type of imaging that uses a low-dose x-ray system to examine breasts. A mammography exam, called a mammogram, is used to aid in the early detection and diagnosis of breast diseases.

What are some common uses of the procedure?
Mammograms are used as a screening tool to detect early breast cancer in women experiencing no symptoms and to detect and diagnose breast disease in women experiencing symptoms such as a lump, pain or nipple discharge.

Screening Mammography
Mammography plays a central part in early detection of breast cancers because it can show changes in the breast up to two years before a patient or practitioner can feel them.



Diagnostic Mammography
Diagnostic mammography is used to evaluate a patient with abnormal clinical findings - such as a breast lump or lumps - that have been found by the woman or her practitioner. Diagnostic mammography may also be done after an abnormal screening mammography in order to evaluate the area of concern on the screening exam.

How safe is it?
The dose of radiation needed for a mammogram is very low.  The health risk is less than if you smoked one cigarette a year.  The benefits far outweigh such minimal risk.

What will I experience during and after the procedure?
You may experience some temporary discomfort.  In order to achieve the clearest picture, we compress the breast.  The procedure takes only a few seconds for each breast.  Any tightness or discomfort you may feel usually disappears immediately after the compression is released.  The compression does not harm the breast tissue.

Abnormalities on your x-ray don't necessarily mean cancer
In 80 to 90% of women, second examinations confirm that the breast tissue is normal. After the radiologist has a chance to thoroughly study your x-rays, the results will be sent to your referring practitioner.

Many breast lumps are not cancerous
About 85% of the lumps detected by mammography are not cancerous. They're referred to as benign and usually require no treatment unless they are painful. If there is cancer, the sooner it is found the better your chances for successful treatment.

Early diagnosis also allows you and your referring practitioner to choose from a variety of treatment alternatives.

Mastalgia/Breast pain
Breast pain is one of the most common breast problems and affects up to 70% of women at some time in their life.


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SONOMAMMOGRAPHY [BREAST ULTRASOUND]

Sonomammography is ultrasound of the breasts. It is used as a complimentary test to mammography in patients with dense breasts or even in patients with breast lumps. It is done quite regularly with mammographyX-ray mammography has been the role to detect breast cancer. That gave rise to a "X-rayed way" to look for Cancer.

However another good option working since the early 50s: Breast ultrasound or sonomammography.

1. Breast Ultrasound can detect whether a lump is a malignant mass or a benign cyst. While there are a few exceptions, ultrasound can do it while mammography cannot.
2. Ultrasound It is relatively inexpensive and most mammograms must be complemented with ultrasound. As ultrasound is already used for diagnosis, we could skip one step and use it for screening and diagnosis.
3. Sonomammography is painless. Many patients say mammography hurts
4. Sonomammography scans the whole breast. Mammography scans almost all the breast
5. Ultrasound is safer: mechanical waves with very low power and very short exposition time. Mammography uses X-rays whose adverse effects are cumulative
6. Ultrasound works for dense breast. Mammography does not.
7. Modern Ultrasound devices are digital and can use computer-aided detection systems very easily.

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
Further testing is necessary to confirm whether a lump detected on screening is cancer, as opposed to a benign alternative such as a simple cyst.In a clinical setting, breast cancer is commonly diagnosed using a "triple test" of clinical breast examination (breast examination by a trained medical practitioner), mammography/sonomammography, and fine needle aspiration cytology.Both mammography/sonomammography and clinical breast exam, also used for screening, can indicate an approximate likelihood that a lump is cancer, and may also identify any other lesions.Fine Needle Aspiration and Cytology (FNAC), which may be done in a GP's office using local anaesthetic if required, involves attempting to extract a small portion of fluid from the lump. Clear fluid makes the lump highly unlikely to be cancerous, but bloody fluid may be sent off for inspection under a microscope for cancerous cells. Together, these three tools can be used to diagnose breast cancer with a good degree of accuracy.Other options for biopsy include core biopsy, where a section of the breast lump is removed, and an excisional biopsy, where the entire lump is removed.

PREVENTION
Regular exercise, weight loss, avoidance of alcohol, stressors, toxic chemicals and environmental pollutants are all helpful measures in the prevention of breast cancer. Dietary inclusion of dried beans, cruciferous vegetables , and whole grains have also proven beneficial. Brazil nuts, rich in the mineral selenium , when combined with natural vitamin E as found in almonds and walnuts are also highly effective in reducing cancer risk.

TREATMENT
The mainstay of breast cancer treatment is surgery when the tumor is localized, with possible adjuvant hormonal therapy (with tamoxifen or an aromatase inhibitor], chemotherapy, and/or radiotherapy.


===> ==> CLICK THIS LINK TO GET FREE ACCESS TO DOWNLOAD THE SECRET FERTILITY SYSTEM

For accurate assessment of your fertility situation, contact us at JOAS MEDICAL DIAGNOSTIX, Ikotun Lagos Nigeria.

For FREE Consultation and FREE Counseling. Also for Quality and Accurate Medical Diagnostic Tests Contact

JOAS MEDICAL DIAGNOSTIX

JOAS MEDICAL DIAGNOSTIX-------WE ARE AN ULTRAMODERN MEDICAL IMAGING CENTER. WE ARE EXPERTS IN ULTRASOUND SCAN SERVICES, 3D/4D COLOUR DOPPLER SCAN SERVICES, X-RAY/RADIOLOGY SERVICES, ECG SERVICES, INFERTILITY SERVICES, HSG SERVICES, LABORATORY SERVICES,BLOOD BANKING SERVICES , DNA SERVICES, AND HEALTH CONSULTANCY/COUNSELLING SERVICES.

We are located at

JOAS HOUSE, 2, Okesuna Street,

Opposite The Synagogue Church Busstop,

Bolorunpelu, Ikotun, Lagos

Postcode: 100265

Nigeria.  

TEL:

08064981455

08032509975

08184590752

08037668535

EMAIL:

joasmedicaldiagnostix@yahoo.com

joasmedicaldiagnostix@gmail.com

DISCLAIMER

The contents, blogs and postings provided in this site are offered strictly for informational purposes only and should not be construed as legal, medical nor financial advice on any matter. We have made every effort to ensure the accuracy of the information presented, and if you have any questions regarding the contents please contact us.

The informations provided in this site is subject to change without notice.

This site may contain links to other internet sites, we are not responsible for the privacy, practices nor the content of such sites, nor their relationships